The Mass Murder At The Bath School Disaster Essay

Eighty-nine years after the Bath School Disaster, the deadliest mass murder at a school in United States history (Dozier), it remains one of the most significant and defining events in my hometown’s history. The great significance of the {impacts of the} disaster is obvious when taking a walk through the memorial park, when time is spent in the Bath School Museum browsing through town artifacts, and especially when walking the halls of any Bath Community School on May 18th, the disaster’s anniversary. Bath, Michigan is a small town approximately fifteen minutes northeast of Lansing, the state capital, and is the only place outside of Ann Arbor I call home. On the surface, Bath is a typical small town where nearly every resident is a familiar face and most classmates are together from pre-school to twelfth grade. {However, looking into Bath’s history reveals a much richer past than one might expect from a town of its size.} *Combine and make better – Bath = normal boring history with a few colorful/ interesting points*{In addition to the usual agriculture-centered history typical of towns in the area, Bath holds several interesting chapters in its history books.} These interesting chapters include unique traditions such as the annual Bath Tub Races (which is exactly what it sounds like), but the most unique, if not defining, chapter is that of the Bath School Disaster. 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Should Animal Testing Be Banned Essay - 2185 Words

Ban Animal Testing in Laboratories Vivisection or the use of live animals for testing is used for many experiments including cosmetic testing and psychological. Vivisection has been used by researchers since 500 BC and many life-saving treatments have been developed this way (animal-testing.procon.org). In 1921 dogs were used in experiments in which they had their pancreases removed and led to the discovery of insulin which has saved the lives of diabetics. The polio vaccine was tested on animals in 1988 and helped to reduced the global occurrence of the disease from 350,000 cases to 223 cases in 2012. Major advances in understanding and treating conditions such as breast cancer, brain injury, leukemia, multiple sclerosis and many others have benefited from animal research. Animal testing has also been instrumental in developing pacemakers, cardiac valve substitutes, and anesthetics. However these animals are deliberately harmed, not for their own benefit, and are killed during or at the end of the experiment. They are often bred in cruel, multi-million dollar industries such as laboratories or breeding facilities, for the sole purpose of experiments. Currently more than 115 million animals across the world are being used for scientific experiments and are forced to undergo some thing that is likely to cause them pain, suffering, and distress. They are waiting in fear for the next painful procedure to be performed and then killed. Animals used in laboratoryShow MoreRelatedShould Animal Testing Be Banned?844 Words   |  3 PagesShould animal testing be banned? Nowadays, a lot of animals has been tested on a range of experiments over the world. You could be supporting animal teasing cruelty without knowing it. Have you ever check if there’s animal testing on the cosmetics before you buy it? 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Personal Progress Childhood to Adulthood Essay Example For Students

Personal Progress Childhood to Adulthood Essay I started off rereading the thesis from an old essay from last semester. My responsibilities, timing, and priorities played a huge role. The supportive points of my thesis were stating what responsibilities had to be done during the time. How timing helped me move out on my own when I really didn’t know as much as I thought I did. Lastly, making sure my priorities came first before any and everything I wanted to do. Responsibilities were humungous for me. I wanted myself and other people to see what key points I really needed to show about how to grow up faster. It was just an outline for me writing it all down knowing I had to take care of important things such as finding a job, so I can have income to support myself. The most important thing was paying rent so I could have a roof over my head, instead of some box that I called a home to protect me from rain, wind, or snow. And being able to wash my clothes and dishes in a sink instead in some dirty old lake and having my clothes air dry from a dirty tree with little leaves on the branches to help the air blow through them. If anybody could stress about time, it was me, because I really had to have the patience to realize that a job wasn’t going to come to me unless I went out and searched to get one. It was time consuming waiting to hear from jobs or calling the companies up to make sure jobs were interested in me. It all paid off when I actually got a job. It was school and work battling head to head with one another, whether I was too tired to make it to school or it was not getting enough hours to have a steady pay check to support me. I had to do what I had to do and that was when I started to feel the actual shift of me changing and understanding how I am growing in a way I didn’t realize before. Prioritizing was one of the hardest things I had to do for the simple fact that I like to shop and party all the time. When I knew rent was due within the next couple of weeks I had to make sure I would put that money to the side and try my hardest not to let the money burn a hole in my pocket. I had so many bills to cover in a month that I didn’t think it was possible to make it work. My monthly bills were rent, car insurance, gas and electric, and water; and they all needed to be paid on time. My pay checks came out to be just the right amount of money to take care of all the bills I was required to pay. After I realized that I didn’t have enough extra income I started looking for another job to help support me. Then I really started to see the difference in less shopping and partying for me because then I started to notice I had to save for gas to get to and from home, school, and work. The message I wanted to bring to my audience was hoping that they understood how hard it was to move out at such a young age. I thought I was â€Å"grown-up† enough to do this task on my own but not knowing all the consequences and repercussions that came along with it was an eye-opener. I should have taken my time with it until I had a stable job and money saved up so I could have been prepared for this. But it seems as if when I was younger everyone wanted to buy the apartments I was interested in. .u5e1312987a71af2cc2e0dee51bfa5a12 , .u5e1312987a71af2cc2e0dee51bfa5a12 .postImageUrl , .u5e1312987a71af2cc2e0dee51bfa5a12 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u5e1312987a71af2cc2e0dee51bfa5a12 , .u5e1312987a71af2cc2e0dee51bfa5a12:hover , .u5e1312987a71af2cc2e0dee51bfa5a12:visited , .u5e1312987a71af2cc2e0dee51bfa5a12:active { border:0!important; } .u5e1312987a71af2cc2e0dee51bfa5a12 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u5e1312987a71af2cc2e0dee51bfa5a12 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u5e1312987a71af2cc2e0dee51bfa5a12:active , .u5e1312987a71af2cc2e0dee51bfa5a12:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u5e1312987a71af2cc2e0dee51bfa5a12 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u5e1312987a71af2cc2e0dee51bfa5a12 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u5e1312987a71af2cc2e0dee51bfa5a12 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u5e1312987a71af2cc2e0dee51bfa5a12 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u5e1312987a71af2cc2e0dee51bfa5a12:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u5e1312987a71af2cc2e0dee51bfa5a12 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u5e1312987a71af2cc2e0dee51bfa5a12 .u5e1312987a71af2cc2e0dee51bfa5a12-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u5e1312987a71af2cc2e0dee51bfa5a12:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: All Quiet On The Western Front (604 words) EssayThe audience that I wanted to direct my paper toward the most was younger teens who just turned eighteen and felt like they are â€Å"legal† because the law considers them adults. When in reality they really know nothing. They are always going to go to someone older for advice or help. The essay was structured by me describing the contrast and comparison of my childhood to my adult life. What I was hoping everyone would grasp out of it is that at eighteen years old it can be a hassle just packing your belongings up and moving into this new world that you have no idea about what so ever. You cannot just go into the real world thinking it is going to be just so peachy cream. Life’s really not some world we live in with fantasies. I showed myself how to live in the real world and how to understand the world I live in. Don’t get me wrong there are a few things that I still need help in but I can say I caught on very quickly. Time will fly regardless it is up to you to catch on to it. My childhood to adulthood is still not over because this journey is my beginning. I can say living on my own has taught me so much more rather than being in a house with a parent who does everything for me. Yes, I have had some regrets of moving out too soon but if I had not have moved out when I did then I think I would be so new to things that I have already experienced. I would not have seen some of the interesting things I saw while living by myself. I think that would have stressed me out much more. Lucky, for me I catch onto things quickly. I tend to hurry up and find a solution rather than pouting because stressing will not get me anywhere besides more problems and create more drama. I still can say I am in this process of learning new things while I continue to live on my own.

Stratification Theory Essay Example

Stratification Theory Paper Max Weber Socia Stratification So, while the above quotation may be a rather hackneyed phrase (to me and countless long-suffering sociology examiners, if not to you, since youre probably encountering It for the first time), it does sensitive us to a couple of major ideas (my advice here is to remember these ideas and forget about trying to sneak the quotation into your exam). That Weber addressed many of the same concerns addressed by Marx. That Weber came to substantially different conclusions to those interpreted by Marx. While this should come as no great surprise if youve been studying sociology for some time (and I would suggest that its probably a good idea to have gained some experience In handling sociological ideas and concepts before you attempt to tackle he concept of social stratification In any depth) sociologists frequently Interpret evidence In radically different ways It should alert you to the fact that there are a number of clear differences between the ideas, arguments and conclusions put forward by Weber and Marx in relation to social stratification. The task of these Notes, therefore, is to help you understand and evaluate both Weepers ideas and their relationship to Marxist ideas. Before we continue any further however, It might be useful to note that, for theoretical purposes, Ive classified Weber as a Conflict Theorist, for three good seasons: A. Firstly, because that is my interpretation of his general sociology. We will write a custom essay sample on Stratification Theory specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Stratification Theory specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Stratification Theory specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer B. Secondly, because he talks In terms of the way In which social structures condition unman Detonator. Deer recognizes ten way In wanly structural relations denotable at the level of social class, status and power affect human behavior and consciousness and his interpretation of this relationship makes him, I would suggest, rather different to Interactions sociologists. C. Although Weber puts more emphasis than most structuralism sociologists on the importance of human consciousness and subjectivity, he does not make this the coco of his research. On the contrary, like most Conflict theorists, Weber analyses the nature of human consciousness within a structural context he may have come to different conclusions to Marxist Conflict theorists, but he appears to have more in common with the latter (in terms of his central sociological concerns) than with Interactions perspectives. However, since the whole perspective question is such a significant one in relation to A-level sociology, this might be a good place to note a number of points raised by Mary Maynard (Sociological Theory) in relation to the whole idea of sociological respective A. How Social Stratification Is Defined. Unlike Marx, Weepers analysis of social stratification was not rooted in or linked to any attempt to formulate a general historical analysis of social development. While, in common with Marx, Weber argued that class stratification had a clear and important economic dimension, he believed that two other related dimensions of stratification, namely: a. Status and b. Party (or political power) needed to be included if a full analysis and understanding of the rich social variety of different forms of social stratification was to be obtained. Thus, as has been suggested above, in order to understand the relative significance of Weepers three dimensions of stratification: a. Class b. Status and c. Party we need initially to know how they are both defined and inter-related and, in order to do this we need to further understand that all three dimensions are, for Weber, rooted in the concept of power. If you are unsure about how Weber (and others) have defined and used the concept of power then it would be useful to work your way through the Notes on Concepts ere In ten Power Ana Politics section AT ten course Detour you go any Turner since the following assumes you have a basic understanding of Weepers use of the concept of power). Central to Weepers analysis of social stratification in all its forms was the idea that we need to understand two basic things: Firstly, how societies are organized in hierarchical systems of domination and subordination (in terms of both individual and collective hierarchies). Secondly, the significance of power in the determination of social relationships based upon domination and subordination. In this respect, there are two basic dimensions to the concept of power that we need to understand: a. The possession of power: According to Weber, the ability to possess power derives from the individuals ability to control various social resources. These resources can be anything and everything and might include things like: Land, Capital, Social respect, Physical strength, Intellectual knowledge, In basic terms, the definition off social resource is simply something that is both socially desirable and in some sense limited (that is, it can be possessed by some but not others). As I hope you will appreciate, this concept of social resource is both: 1 . Extremely flexible (almost anything can qualify as a social resource) and 2. Liable to vary in time (for example, at different points in the historical development of a society) and space (for example, between different societies / cultures). Activity Give examples of social resources that have varied in their significance in both time and space. For example: Time In our society in the asses, ownership of a television was a form of power since it conferred status upon owners of this social resource. Nowadays, because television ownership is not limited, no such status is given to ownership of this resource. Space In our collects, meal doctors are generally well-pal Ana nave Nell status This is not true of all societies (the old Soviet union being a good example). B. The exercising of power: The ability to exercise power takes a number of different forms, but all involve the idea that it means the ability to get your own way with others, regardless of their ability to resist you. In terms of understanding the relationship between power and social stratification, Weber theorized the various ways in which societies are organized in hierarchical systems of domination and subordination using the following major concepts: 1 . Class Power (Class): This was theorized by Weber on the basis of unequal access to material sources. For example, if I possess something that you want (or, better still from my point of view, need) then this makes me potentially more powerful than you. I am in a dominant position and you are in a subordinate position because I control access to a desired social resource. A classic illustration here is the relationship between an employer and employee. Explain this relationship on the basis of control of resources / power. 2. Social Power (Status): If you respect me or view me as your social superior, then I will potentially be able to exercise power over you (since you will respond positively to my instructions / commands). In this respect, social status is a social resource simply because I may have it while you may not 3. Political Power (Party): This form of power is related to the way in which the State is organized in modern social systems (involving the ability to make laws, for example). If you can influence this process of law creation then you will be in a potentially powerful position. Thus, by your ability to influence a decision-making process you possess power, even though you may not directly exercise that power personally. Political parties are the organizational means to possess power through the mechanism of the State and they include not Just formally organized parties, but any group that is organized to influence the way in which power is exercised legitimately through the machinery of the State. For example: Status groups (political organizations that exist to protect the social status of a particular group Walton society Tort example: I en Brattles Meal Escalation) Interest groups (political organizations that exist to advance the interests of a particular section of society by attempting to influence the way decisions are taken by government). Give some examples of: a. Status groups: b. Interest groups: What this means, therefore, is that if you are in a position to influence a decision- making process then you are in a position of power. By your ability to influence this process you possess power, even though you may not directly exercise power. Obvious examples here might be exercising power through your ability to influence: a. Political parties (for example, through donating money to them). B. The making of laws (for example, through ownership of the mass media, your influence with a party in government). In our political system, political parties are organized to possess power through the Achaeans of the State. As Ive suggested above, this involves not only formally organized political parties, but also any group that is organized to attempt to influence the way in which power is (legitimately) exercised through the agencies of the State (pressure groups, status groups, interest groups . One of the strengths of this approach to the understanding of social stratification is the fact that it identifies three separate but inter-dependent dimensions of stratification: namely class, status and power. Its important that you dont see these three dimensions of stratification as either / r categories (that is, an individual as either economically powerful (class) or socially powerful (status) or politically powerful (party)). In the real world each dimension tends to be very closely related to one another such that: People who are economically powerful tend also to have a relatively high standing in the community (status) and are able to use these two forms of power to influence the political process in some way (for example, attempting to influence the government into passing laws favorable to such people). Slung ten concept AT values, snow now we can apply tens concept to unreason TN allegations between class and status in our society. This separation between class, status and power was not unique to Weber, since if you think about it for a moment, we have seen that Marx was well aware of these three different forms of power. Like Weber, Marx viewed these dimensions of stratification as: a. Theoretically distinct and b. Empirically inter-dependent. What this means, in simple terms, is that we can define these dimensions separately for the sake of theoretical convenience / clarity, but it is impossible to separate them empirically in the real world of human social interaction. Where Marx tended to differ from Weber was in the basic emphasis he placed upon each of the three dimensions the economic dimension was, according to Marx, the most significant one, since possession of economic power invariably leads to the possession of status and political power. In this respect, we have already seen, in an earlier Study Pack, the way in which Marx related economic power to status and political power when he talked about the distinction between infrastructure and superstructure in society. To which of these areas, according to Marx, does each dimension of power belong? Weber was, of course, also aware of the problems involved in the personalization of these three concepts, since it is evident that: High class, High status and High power are most commonly found together in our society (it is unusual, for example, to find someone who is immensely wealthy without their also enjoying high social status and political power). However, where Weber differed from Marx was in the relative emphasis that he placed upon the significance of each dimension of stratification. As we have seen, class forms of stratification (your relationship to a means of production) tended, for Marx, to be most significant. The focus of Mars analysis tended to be on the system as a whole, rather than the individual problems of placement within that system. Weber, on the other hand, was more concerned to analyses the way in which social systems were stratified at the level of individuals / social groups the way in which, for example, people doing much the same sort of work could have quite different levels AT status Ana / or power. In this respect, we can see here two things: a. The importance of theoretical perspective. Both Marx and Weber were looking at the same things, using very similar incepts. However, their analysis and conclusions tended to differ mainly because they were concerned to explain different things. B. Marx and Weber were in many ways complimentary to each other, sociologically, in the sense that they both tell us useful things about the nature of social stratification. Marx tells us something about the general nature of social stratification (a kind of macro picture). Weber tells us something about the specific nature of social stratification (a kind of micro picture). In this respect, this difference is reflected in terms of their overall theoretical respective, whereby Mars conflict approach can be contrasted with Weepers conflict perspective on the basis that the former emphasized the importance of social structure (the way in which individual behavior is conditioned by the general structure of social relationships) while the latter emphasized the importance of social action (the ability of individuals to influence the nature of their social relationships in sociologically significant ways). Since Weepers conception of social action is important, it might be opportune here to digress slightly by outlining some f the major elements in Weepers approach to the understanding of the social world Social Action Theory: A Hibernia Perspective. Max Weber is a difficult sociologist to pigeon-hole in perspective terms (for reasons that will become clear in a moment), since he doesnt fit neatly into the usual Structuralism / Interactions dichotomy so beloved of sociology textbooks. However, in terms of this dichotomy, Weber is closer to the Conflict Structuralism perspective since it is clear that in much of his sociological analysis he focuses upon the way in which the structure of peoples relationships influence (but not determine) peoples behavior. The confusion over his theoretical status largely stems from the fact that Weber concerned himself with the attempt to make sense of the rational basis of the choices of behavior made by individuals in their daily lives; that is, he attempted to analyses human behavior at an individual level within the context of a clear sense of structural constraint (the choices we make about how to behave socially are clearly contralto others). A Day ten structural relationship wanly we Don Tort Ana are Tort For Weber, therefore, society is created through social interaction (it is not something hat is naturally given) and such interaction involves the conscious behavior of thinking, reflective, individuals. People, in effect, make choices about their lives, their group memberships and so forth and these are neither pre-determined nor pre- destined. As we have seen, power was a very important concept for Weber and he used it to explain the way in which societies both change and remain relatively stable and orderly. Social change, for Weber, came about in many ways: a. Purposeful social action people thinking about the nature of society and acting purposefully to develop and change the way they live. . The unintended consequences of social actions for example, wars bring about social change in ways that may not have been intended by their participants . Economic conflicts that marry both purposeful social action and unintended outcomes. In this respect, we can see that, unlike Marx, Weber emphasized the way in which social change could come about in ways that did not simply involve class conflicts (as we see when we look at his analysis of the relationship between social change and the role of religion). In this sense, therefore, power struggles occur throughout society and, while economic power is a crucial variable in this st ruggle, it is not the only one. Powerful groups other than social classes may arise within a society from time to time and the power struggle between them may involve interests that are not specifically economic. In this respect, Hibernia sociology is sometimes seen as a pluralist perspective, in the sense that societies are invariably seen to involve a variety of different groups (a plurality), each possessing (or competing for) greater or lesser forms of power. As we have already seen, such groups may be of the class, status or party variety (or, more usually, a combination of each) The basis of each group is: Class the relationship each group has to the means of economic production, in addition to a variety of factors such as technical skills and educational qualifications that affect an individuals market situation independently of the ownership / non-ownership of property. B. Status a group that is related on the basis of a parity of esteem (a group of equals), ten Oasis Tort wanly Is a groups pattern AT consumption (or Testily). C. Party a group that is organized in some way for the taking / exercising of political power. Such groups may be class based, but they may also draw their membership from a variety of social classes. On the basis of the above, social stratification represented, for Weber, the way in which the distribution of power in any society becomes institutionalized that is, starts to assume a relatively stable pattern of social behavior that exists over a long period and the economic aspect (class) was considered to be neither more nor less important in terms of stratification than the status and party dimensions. To understand why this should be so we need to look briefly at the different sociological tauter of the concepts of class, status and party. . Economic class, for Weber, was considered to be an objective sociological / political category. That is, it was a statistical category to which people could be sociologically allocated on the basis of their market situation. While people could, of course, be conscious of belonging to a particular economic class, Weber argued that this was not assured; Just because, as sociologists, we can objectively allocate people to a particular category doesnt mean that: a. People accept that they belong to that category. For example, someone who can be classified as working class on the basis of their objective market position as a road sweeper may (subjectively) believe themselves to be middle class and this will have important social consequences for their social behavior. B. People placed into the same objective category necessarily think and act in similar ways. One major problem for Marxist is the fact that class is such a central theoretical concept in their analysis. Class is more than Just a statistical category; it is the expression of a whole set of norms, values, beliefs, interests and so forth. In this respect, to (over)simplify the situation, each class in capitalist society has its own set of class interests the proletariats interests involve taking-over the means of production and holding them in common, while the interests of the bourgeoisie are basically to prevent the proletariat doing Just that. Whereas the ruling class recognize their basic class interests, a problem arises when the proletariat do not seem to recognize their class interests when, in effect, they show no overwhelming desire to overthrow the bourgeoisie. For Marxist, the robber here is how to explain why something has not happened in the way that it should be happening / should have happened. In short, based upon the assumption that the proletariat should see it to be in their interests to throw off their exploitation Day ten Doorbells, Marxist nave to explain winy ten proletariat nave not Addenda predicted and to do this they have employed a variety of concepts (false consciousness, ideological indoctrination and so forth) to try to explain the shortfall between prediction and reality. According to Weber, on the other hand, we must avoid the trap of assuming that, cause people can be objectively assigned a particular class their failure to act in ways that further their objective class interests have to be explained in terms of such concepts as false consciousness or ideological distortions introduced through a ruling class control of various agencies of colonization (education, mass media, etc. ). People may appear to act in ways that are not in their interests for a variety of reasons and we can only understand these reasons by looking at the (subjective) dimensions of status and party. The concepts of status and party add a subjective dimension to social stratification, n terms of the fact that they allow Weber to theorize an element of conscious social organization that is related to but also separate from economic class. In this respect, we can see the basis for some of the theoretical confusion that tends to surround the pigeon-holing of Weber, in the sense that his form of conflict structuralism includes reference not simply to social structures but also to the subjective consciousness of individual social actors.

It Was a Pleasure to Burn essays

It Was a Pleasure to Burn essays In Fahrenheit 451, Ray Bradbury's classic vision of the future, firemen don't put out firesthey start them in order to burn books. Bradbury's vividly painted society displays the appearance of happiness as the main goal. It is a place where trivial information is admired and true knowledge and ideas are banned. Guy Montag is a fireman who has always been happy and fulfilled in his job. He's never questioned the purpose of book burning. He only knows what he's been told - books are bad because they cause unhappiness. He enjoys the thrill of setting a fire and the beauty of the flames. His wife spends all day plugged into seashell earpieces or watching her television "family." At night, she takes sleeping pills. Unfortunately, she is not alone. All their friends do the same thing. They don't engage in conversations, they parrot what they hear on TV programs, and they have no thoughts of their own. They are only vaguely aware that the country is at war. The government doesn't want to distress the citizens, so it doesn't broadcast anything unpleasant. Montag's boss, Chief Beatty, sums up the sentiment of the society saying, "Give the people contests they win by remembering the words to more popular songs. Don't give them slippery stuff like philosophy or sociology to tie things up with. That way lies melancholy." The people of Montag's world live under that principle, though they don't know it, and believe ignorance is bliss. The ban on books began when books were deemed offensive; being censored until eventually the intolerance of differing voices leads to the ban of all books. This results in a lack of any voices at all, only a vacuous society. Montags dull, empty life sharply contrasts with that of his next-door neighbor Clarisse, a young girl thrilled by the ideas in books, and more interested in what she can see in the world around her than in the mindless chatter of the seashells and walls. She is...

President James Buchanan and the Secession Crisis

President James Buchanan and the Secession Crisis The election of Abraham Lincoln in November 1860 triggered a crisis which had been simmering for at least a decade. Outraged by the election of a candidate who was known to be opposed to the spread of slavery into new states and territories, leaders of the southern states began to take action to split from the United States. In Washington, President James Buchanan, who had been miserable during his term in the White House and couldn’t wait to leave office, was thrown into a horrendous situation. In the 1800s, newly elected presidents were not sworn into office until March 4 of the following year. And that meant Buchanan had to spend four months presiding over a nation which was coming apart. The state of South Carolina, which had been asserting its right to secede from the Union for decades, back to the time of the Nullification Crisis, was a hotbed of secessionist sentiment. One of its senators, James Chesnut, resigned from the U.S. Senate on November 10, 1860, only four days after Lincoln’s election. His states other senator resigned the next day. Buchanans Message to Congress Did Nothing to Hold the Union Together As talk in the South about secession was quite serious, it was expected that the president would do something to reduce tensions. In that era, presidents did not visit Capitol Hill to deliver a State of the Union Address in January but instead provided the report required by the Constitution in written form in early December. President Buchanan wrote a message to Congress which was delivered on December 3, 1860. In his message, Buchanan said that he believed secession was illegal. Yet Buchanan also said he did not believe the federal government had any right to prevent states from seceding. So Buchanan’s message pleased nobody. Southerners were offended by Buchanan’s belief that secession was illegal. And Northerners were perplexed by the president’s belief that the federal government couldn’t act to prevent states from seceding. His Own Cabinet Reflected the National Crisis Buchanan’s message to Congress also angered members of his own cabinet. On December 8, 1860, Howell Cobb, the secretary of the treasury, a native of Georgia, told Buchanan he could no longer work for him. A week later, Buchanan’s Secretary of State, Lewis Cass, a native of Michigan, also resigned, but for a very different reason. Cass felt that Buchanan was not doing enough to prevent the secession of southern states. South Carolina Seceded on December 20 As the year drew to a close, the state of South Carolina held a convention at which the state’s leaders decided to secede from the Union. The official ordinance of secession was voted on and passed on December 20, 1860. A delegation of South Carolinians traveled to Washington to meet with Buchanan, who saw them at the White House on December 28, 1860. Buchanan told the South Carolina commissioners that he was considering them to be private citizens, not representatives of some new government. But, he was willing to listen to their various complaints, which tended to focus on the situation surrounding the federal garrison which had just moved from Fort Moultrie to Fort Sumter in Charleston Harbor. Senators Tried to Hold the Union Together With President Buchanan unable to prevent the nation from splitting, prominent senators, including Stephen Douglas of Illinois and William Seward of New York, attempted various strategies to placate the southern states. But action in the U.S. Senate seemed to offer little hope. Speeches by Douglas and Seward on the Senate floor in early January 1861 only seemed to make things worse. An attempt to prevent secession then came from an unlikely source, the state of Virginia. As many Virginians felt their state would suffer greatly from the outbreak of war, the states governor and other officials proposed a peace convention to be held in Washington. The Peace Convention Was Held in February 1861 On February 4, 1861, the Peace Convention began at the Willard Hotel in Washington. Delegates from 21 of the nations 33 states attended, and former president John Tyler, a native of Virginia, was elected its presiding officer. The Peace Convention held sessions until mid-February when it delivered a set of proposals to Congress. The compromises hammered out at the convention would have taken the form of new amendments to the U.S. Constitution. The proposals from the Peace Convention quickly died in Congress, and the gathering in Washington proved to be a pointless exercise. The Crittenden Compromise A final attempt to forge a compromise that would avoid outright war was proposed by a respected senator from Kentucky, John J. Crittenden. The Crittenden Compromise would have required significant changes to the United States Constitution. And it would have made slavery permanent, which meant legislators from the anti-slavery Republican Party would likely have never agreed to it. Despite the obvious obstacles, Crittenden introduced a bill in the Senate in December 1860. The proposed legislation had six articles, which Crittenden hoped to get through the Senate and the House of Representatives with two-thirds votes so they might become six new amendments to the U.S. Constitution. Given the splits in Congress and the ineffectiveness of President Buchanan, Crittendens bill did not have much chance of passage. Not dissuaded, Crittenden proposed bypassing Congress and seeking to change the Constitution with direct referendums in the states. President-Elect Lincoln, still at home in Illinois, let it be known that he did not approve of Crittendens plan. And Republicans on Capitol Hill were able to use stalling tactics to make sure the proposed Crittenden Compromise would languish and die in Congress. With Lincolns Inauguration, Buchanan Happily Left Office By the time Abraham Lincoln was inaugurated, on March 4, 1861, seven slave states had already passed ordinances of secession, thus declaring themselves no longer part of the Union. Following Lincolns inauguration, four more states would secede. As Lincoln rode to the Capitol in a carriage beside James Buchanan, the outgoing president reportedly said to him, If you are as happy entering the presidency as I am leaving it, then you are a very happy man. Within weeks of Lincoln taking office, the Confederates fired upon Fort Sumter, and the Civil War began.

Facilities Engineering Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Facilities Engineering - Coursework Example Here are the CPR results obtained for oil and gas exploration: Figure 1: CPR results of Gas and Oil extracted from Gazelle Well Major products extracted out of the oilfield at Gazelle are liquefied petroleum gas, gasoline, diesel fuel, fuel oils, lubricating oils, paraffin wax, sulfur. Question: Prepare flow schemes showing the architecture of the layout and of the main components used from the wellhead to the point of export for all option. The architectural layout of the Gazelle offshore oilfield is shown below with all the processing units and their respective processing cycles. This is a very large operating unit with extensively large piping layout with fluid streams running along. Crude oil is first passed through an oil production unit which provides the pre-processed oil to the oil storage tank from where it is delivered to the processing plant through a piping system. Here is the detailed flow diagram of all the processes taking place along their sequential flows: Figure 2: Flow Diagram of Gazelle Oilfield with components used in Oil Production Gazelle oilfield is a field that requires extensive production as well as operational refurbishments but even then it is above working above case base oil producing offshore refineries. This oil production unit involves a number of operating units that work extensively for long hours to provide quality product in economical rates with least water cuts. Following is an exhaustive list of components that work as a part of oil refinery at Gazelle(Snow, 2010, Gordon, 2012). De-salter unit is just provided at the inlet of crude oil and is responsible for washing away all the salt from crude oil. Distillator: Crude oil from de-salter is then passed through the distillatory unit which distills the crude oil into fractions. Second stage of distillation is also incorporated just after this by making use vacuum distillation unit which is responsible for the distillation of the left over components of crude oil which were not fractioned by simple distillatory. Hydrotreater: all fractions of the crude oil are then hydrogenated according to their requirements and this process is performed for removing sulfur contents from the oil fractions. Catalytic Reformer: it is used to reform the low grade oil fractions into high grade products like converting gasoline to a higher degree of octane level. While reforming the oil fractions excess amount of hydrogen is produced as a by-product of the process. Fluid Catalytic Cracker: this catalytic cracker is specialized in converting only liquid oil fractions to higher grade of oil. The process of converting gasoline to hi-octane is processed there. Hydrocracker: hydrocracker then takes the oil fractions and hydrogenizes them in order to upgrade the fractions. Visbreaking: the oil fractions that are needed to be degraded to lower order fractions are then passed through visbreaking unit Coking unit: this unit is specialized in carbonizing the heavy oil components of the fractions in order to produce gasoline. This helps in converting maximum oil fractions into consumable products. Alkylation: this unit is specialized in converting low grade molecules to higher ones and hence improving the quality of gasoline. Dimerization: the process of dimerization is performed in order to hydrogenate the gasoline products. Isomerization unit: This unit is specia